Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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The type of
radioactive particle that can be stopped by a sheet of paper is the ____. a. | alpha
particle | c. | gamma
ray | b. | beta
particle | d. | uranium | | | | |
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2.
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One type of
radioactive device that indicates the intensity of radiation with a clicking sound that increases in
frequency as more radiation is present is a(n) ____. a. | bubble
chamber | c. | electroscope | b. | cloud chamber | d. | Geiger counter | | | | |
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3.
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A helium
nucleus with two protons and two neutrons is called a(n) ____. a. | alpha
particle | c. | electroscope | b. | beta particle | d. | gamma ray | | | | |
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4.
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When the
strong force is not sufficient to hold unstable nuclei together permanently, ____. a. | nuclear fusion
occurs | c. | the nuclei
decay | b. | a solid becomes a liquid | d. | carbon-12 changes into carbon-14 | | | | |
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5.
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An
instrument that detects radiation by means of a superheated liquid is a ____. a. | bubble
chamber | c. | Geiger
counter | b. | cloud chamber | d. | photographic plate | | | | |
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6.
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Negatively
charged particles emitted from a nucleus at a high speed are ____. a. | alpha
particles | c. | gamma
rays | b. | beta
particles | d. | X
rays | | | | |
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7.
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The
discovery of radioactivity by Henri Bequerel involved a ____. a. | bubble
chamber | c. | Geiger
counter | b. | chain reaction | d. | photographic plate | | | | |
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8.
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The process
by which nuclei having low masses are united to form nuclei with larger masses is
____. a. | a chain
reaction | c. | nuclear
fission | b. | a chemical reaction | d. | nuclear fusion | | | | |
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9.
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The three
types of nuclear radiation in increasing order of penetrating power are ____. a. | alpha, beta,
gamma | c. | X ray, beta,
gamma | b. | alpha, gamma, beta | d. | X ray, gamma, beta | | | | |
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10.
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The
stability of an isotope nucleus depends on the ____. a. | atomic
mass | c. | number of
neutrons | b. | atomic number | d. | neutron-to-proton ratio | | | | |
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11.
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Radioactive
tracers are useful in ____. a. | calculating the ages of fossils | c. | fueling nuclear reactions | b. | determining medical
problems | d. | treating brain
tumors | | | | |
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12.
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Both a
fusion reaction and a fission reaction ____. a. | causes chain reactions | c. | take place at room temperature | b. | produce
energy | d. | use hydrogen as a
fuel | | | | |
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13.
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Neutrons
released in a fission reaction can strike other nuclei and cause ____. a. | a chain
reaction | c. | fusion
reactions | b. | an electron avalanche | d. | radioactive decay | | | | |
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14.
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For which of
the following problems would a scientist most likely use carbon-14? a. | to calculate the age of
the Earth's oldest rocks | b. | to calculate the age of a piece of bone | c. | to identify the
elements that make up a rock | d. | to identify the elements that make up a bone | | |
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15.
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Thorium-234
has a half-life of 24 days. If you started with a 100-g sample of thorium-234, how much would remain
after 48 days? a. | 100
g | c. | 25
g | b. | 50
g | d. | 10
g | | | | |
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16.
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Which of the
following elements is most likely to be produced during a nuclear fusion reaction in the
Sun? a. | helium-4 | c. | uranium-235 | b. | hydrogen-1 | d. | uranium-238 | | | | |
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17.
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When an
electroscope is given a(n) ____, its leaves repel each other and spread apart. a. | moving
particle | c. | negative
charge | b. | radioactive sample | d. | positive charge | | | | |
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18.
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If a source
of radiation is placed near ____ cells, atoms in the cells can be ionized and can die or stop
growing. a. | thyroid | c. | heart | b. | fat | d. | cancer | | | | |
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19.
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When the
____ is not large enough to hold a nucleus together tightly, the nucleus can become
radioactive. a. | electric
force | c. | tracer | b. | strong force | d. | isotope | | | | |
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20.
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Unwanted
radioactive products formed during nuclear reactions are called ____. a. | fossil
fuels | c. | nuclear
reactors | b. | nuclear fuels | d. | nuclear waste | | | | |
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21.
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Petroleum,
natural gas, and coal are the three kinds of ____. a. | fossil
fuels | c. | nuclear
waste | b. | nuclear fuels | d. | synthetic fuels | | | | |
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22.
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The type of
fossil fuel that forms from the remains of fernlike plants is ____. a. | coal | c. | natural
gas | b. | crude
oil | d. | uranium | | | | |
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23.
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____ is a
renewable organic matter that can be burned in the presence of oxygen to convert chemical energy to
thermal energy. a. | Biomass | c. | Petroleum | b. | Hydrocarbon | d. | Hydroelectricity | | | | |
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24.
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Devices that
use semiconductors to produce electricity from solar energy are ____. a. | flash
bulbs | c. | photometers | b. | fuel cells | d. | photovoltaic cells | | | | |
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25.
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Electricity
produced by falling water is called ____. a. | geothermal energy | c. | hydroelectricity | b. | thermodynamics | d. | tidal
energy | | | | |
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26.
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The chain
reaction in a nuclear reactor is controlled by inserting the ____. a. | boron or cadmium
rods | c. | heat
exchanger | b. | core | d. | uranium | | | | |
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27.
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Water that
flows due to the gravitational forces among Earth, its Moon, and the Sun has energy referred to as
____. a. | geothermal
energy | c. | solar
energy | b. | hydroelectricity | d. | tidal energy | | | | |
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28.
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Petroleum is
separated into different compounds through ____. a. | fossilization | c. | nuclear fission | b. | fractional
distillation | d. | nuclear
fusion | | | | |
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29.
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A
disadvantage of using hydroelectricity is ____. a. | equipment corrosion | c. | it can disturb natural ecosystems | b. | it causes air
pollution | d. | it is
nonrenewable | | | | |
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30.
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Electric
current is produced when a spinning ____ shaft rotates magnets inside a generator. a. | combustion | c. | turbine | b. | steam | d. | boiler | | | | |
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31.
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Temperature
is the biggest challenge in using ____ as an energy source. a. | nuclear
fusion | c. | hydroelectricity | b. | nuclear fission | d. | tidal energy | | | | |
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32.
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The part of
a nuclear reactor in which the fuel is located is called the ____. a. | control
rod | c. | heat
exchanger | b. | core | d. | turbine | | | | |
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33.
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Renewable
organic matter, such as wood and rice hulls, are examples of ____. a. | biomass | c. | fossil
fuels | b. | fission products | d. | nuclear fuels | | | | |
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34.
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One reason
alternative energy sources are needed is because ____. a. | the energy needs of the
world are decreasing | b. | there is no limit to the supply of fossil
fuels | c. | the population of the world is decreasing | d. | the supply of fossil
fuel is diminishing | | |
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35.
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Which of the
following is common to both nuclear fusion and nuclear fission? a. | A chain reaction is
needed to start the reaction. | b. | The fuel must be in the plasma state. | c. | Matter is converted
into energy. | d. | Temperatures over 1 million ºC are needed for the reaction to
occur. | | |
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36.
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Which of the
following is an example of a nonrenewable source of energy? a. | coal | c. | water | b. | the Sun | d. | wind | | | | |
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37.
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Which of the
following is a major problem with using nuclear fusion as an energy source? a. | disposing of control
rods | c. | producing radioactive
wastes | b. | maintaining very high temperatures | d. | obtaining fuel | | | | |
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38.
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The fuel
used in a nuclear reactor usually comes from ____. a. | hydrogen and
helium | c. | coal | b. | uranium-238 | d. | biomass | | | | |
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39.
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____ offer
the best hope for safe, long-term containment of radioactive wastes. a. | Ocean
depths | c. | Polar ice
caps | b. | Salt
lakes | d. | Deep, stable rock
deposits | | | | |
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40.
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The
speed of electromagnetic waves is ____. a. | greater in water than in air | b. | different for
each frequency in a vacuum | c. | 300,000 km/s in a vacuum | d. | less for light
than for X rays | | |
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41.
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Oscillating electrons generate changing ____ fields. a. | electric | c. | radio | b. | magnetic | d. | both a and b | | | | |
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42.
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Electromagnetic waves ____. a. | are compressional waves | c. | must have a medium | b. | are transverse
waves | d. | are generated by
static electricity | | | | |
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43.
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The
____ is the particle that carries radiant energy. a. | proton | c. | neutron | b. | photon | d. | electron | | | | |
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44.
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The
____ of light determines whether a radiation will eject electrons. a. | frequency | c. | amplitude | b. | intensity | d. | speed | | | | |
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45.
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Electromagnetic radiation with the shortest wavelengths is ____. a. | gamma
rays | c. | radio
waves | b. | ultraviolet waves | d. | infrared waves | | | | |
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46.
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The
electromagnetic waves with wavelengths slightly longer than visible light are ____. a. | microwaves | c. | ultraviolet
waves | b. | infrared waves | d. | X rays | | | | |
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47.
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The
frequency of purple light is ____ that of yellow light. a. | higher
than | c. | the same
as | b. | lower
than | d. | faster
than | | | | |
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48.
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____
are used for medical imaging. a. | Ultraviolet waves | c. | X rays | b. | Infrared
waves | d. | Gamma
rays | | | | |
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49.
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Your
body needs ____ to make vitamin D. a. | infrared waves | c. | visible light waves | b. | microwaves | d. | ultraviolet
waves | | | | |
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50.
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Gamma
rays are dangerous because they ____. a. | break down molecules and cells | c. | fluoresce | b. | cause
sunburn | d. | cause food to
spoil | | | | |
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51.
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Carrier waves are in the wavelengths of ____. a. | microwaves | c. | radio
waves | b. | infrared waves | d. | light waves | | | | |
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52.
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AM
wave frequencies are ____ FM frequencies. a. | higher than | c. | the same as | b. | lower
than | d. | both a and
b | | | | |
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53.
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FM
frequencies are in the range of ____. a. | radio waves | c. | infrared waves | b. | microwaves | d. | sonic
waves | | | | |
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54.
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Television uses ____ to transmit signals. a. | microwaves | c. | visible light
waves | b. | infrared waves | d. | radio waves | | | | |
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55.
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The
part of the electromagnetic spectrum usually used for communication is ____. a. | radio
waves | c. | ultraviolet
waves | b. | infrared waves | d. | gamma rays | | | | |
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56.
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A
pager is a ____. a. | CRT | c. | cell | b. | cap code | d. | radio receiver | | | | |
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57.
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Reflection
of light waves from a smooth surface is ____. a. | diffuse reflection | c. | irregular reflection | b. | mirror
reflection | d. | regular
reflection | | | | |
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58.
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What
wavelength of light is reflected from a red shirt? a. | red | c. | white | b. | all but red | d. | green | | | | |
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59.
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The primary
pigment colors are ____. a. | magenta, cyan, and yellow | c. | white and black | b. | red, blue, and
green | d. | yellow, blue, and
green | | | | |
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60.
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An image of
a distant object produced by the refraction of light through air layers of different densities is
____. a. | a
mirage | c. | coherent | b. | a ghost image | d. | incoherent | | | | |
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61.
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The color
____ is produced by blending the three primary pigments. a. | black | c. | magenta | b. | cyan | d. | white | | | | |
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62.
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Fluorescent
lightbulbs ____ than incandescent lights. a. | are less expensive | c. | produce more heat | b. | do not last
longer | d. | use less
energy | | | | |
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63.
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If light
waves change speed when they pass from one medium into another, the light will be
____. a. | diffused | c. | refracted | b. | reflected | d. | separated | | | | |
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64.
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The primary
light colors are ____. a. | magenta, cyan, and yellow | c. | white and black | b. | red, blue, and
green | d. | yellow, blue, and
green | | | | |
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65.
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A gas
commonly used in lighting devices is ____. a. | helium | c. | hydrogen | b. | neon | d. | green | | | | |
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66.
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The color
____ is produced by blending the three primary colors of light. a. | black | c. | magenta | b. | cyan | d. | white | | | | |
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67.
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Waves
vibrate in only one direction in ____. a. | incoherent light | c. | fluorescent light | b. | polarized
light | d. | diffused
light | | | | |
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68.
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Light of one
wavelength that travels with its crests and troughs aligned is ____. a. | coherent
light | c. | florescent
light | b. | polarized light | d. | diffused light | | | | |
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69.
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Optical
fibers rely on ____ for their efficiency. a. | coherent light | c. | diffuse reflection | b. | opaqueness | d. | total internal
reflection | | | | |
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70.
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Lasers can
be a part of all the following EXCEPT ____. a. | optical scanners | c. | wall clock | b. | CD players | d. | surgical equipment | | | | |
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